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In what could be considered an escalation of family hostilities within the 5-member Alturas Indian Rancheria tribe, a complaint by the sister of the tribal leader triggered a federal raid that netted 12,000 marijuana plants housed in 40 newly-built greenhouses.

The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs and other agencies moved in last week after Wendy Del Rosa sent a letter in June to the U.S. Department of Justice complaining that the actions of her brother, Phillip Del Rosa, were illegal and not authorized by the tribe. Lawyers for the tribe had notified the Modoc County Sheriff’s Office in March that they were in the process of establishing a medical marijuana collective, under California law.

The DEA affidavit (pdf) for a search warrant identified marijuana-growing sites owned by two related, but separate, tribes in Modoc County. The Alturas tribe’s grow area was at their former event center, 100 yards from their Desert Rose Casino, and the other was at the Pit River tribe’s XL Ranch. The Pit River tribe has around 40 members.

The XL Ranch had the greenhouses and the capacity to grow between 40,000 and 60,000 plants. The DEA said the XL Ranch operation “exceeds any prior known commercial marijuana grow operation anywhere in the 34-county Eastern District.

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The affidavit said the U.S. Attorneys Office for the Eastern District of California notified the lawyers that the plan “to manufacture, transport, and distribute marijuana on the scale contemplated by the tribes ‘is a violation of federal law’ and ‘subject to possible federal enforcement action, including criminal prosecution.’ ”

The DEA said early indications were that the two growing operations were financed by Canadian Jerry Montour, an entrepreneur who sells “hundreds of millions of dollars” of tobacco products a year. They say he has a lengthy rap sheet: illegal possession of a weapon in 1978; breaking and entering in 1983; possession of a narcotic in 1985; conspiracy to import a narcotic in 1988; and cultivation of a narcotic in 1991.

The affidavit refers to Phillip Del Rosa as “purported” tribal chairman and Darren Rose as “purported” vice chairman. They have both been embroiled in a family struggle to define and control the tiny tribe with oversized assets. Rose was reportedly adopted by the tribe in 2003 when he said he could build them a second casino on the I-5 Freeway 150 miles away. Other members, and now-former members, were adopted for various reasons over the years in efforts direct the tribe’s fortunes.

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Phillip and his sister Wendy, along with their allies, have clashed repeatedly in and out of court. In March, U.S. Postal Service Administrative Law Judge Gary E. Shapiro tried to sort matters out when Rose and Wendy each laid claim to the tribe’s mailing address. He ruled in favor of Rose, the adoptee, but clearly disapproved of everyone involved. The judge wrote:

“The Tribe’s chaotic governance is mired in continual litigation. Allegations of fraud, embezzlement, forgery, and perjury abound even within this administrative case dealing only with mail delivery.”

And he knew it was far from over. Judge Shapiro wrote, “It has become clear to me that the disputants and others involved in the Tribe’s governance will act in whatever manner seems expedient to them at the moment, depending on the situation at the time amid continually shifting alliances.”

Phillip and Wendy have been allies in the past. In 2008, they reportedly banded together to adopt two white men—Calvin Phelps, a former cigarette manufacturer from North Carolina, and Donald Packingham, reportedly retired law enforcement from New Mexico—to thwart a coup by Rose.

But Wendy sounds like that old gang won’t be getting back together again anytime soon. In her complaint to the Justice Department, she implored them to “take all appropriate law enforcement action to close this illegal drug operation and bring all those responsible to justice.”

The authorities only seized marijuana—no files or computers—and no federal charges are pending, but sometimes it’s the thought that counts.

–Ken Broder

To Learn More:

'Purported' Tribal Chairman's Pot Farm Raided; 12,000 Plants Pulled (by Tish Kraft, Courthouse News Service)

Federal Agents Raid Marijuana Farm on Pit River Tribal Land (by Jenny Espino, Redding Record Searchlight)

Raided Marijuana Facilities on Pit River Land Cultivating Well Above the Limit (by Lynn Armitage, Indian Country Today)

Feds Seize 12,000 Marijuana Plants from Indian Land in Modoc County (by Denny Walsh, Sacramento Bee)

Federal and Local Law Enforcement Execute Search Warrants at Large Scale Commercial Marijuana Cultivation Facilities on Tribal Lands (U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency)

Affidavit for Search Warrant (U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency) (pdf)

Pit River Tribe
Total population
1,800^[1]^[2]
Regions with significant populations
California, United States
Languages
English, Achumawi and Atsugewi
Religion
traditional tribal religion
Related ethnic groups
Achumawi, Atsugewi, and other Pit River bands

The Pit River Tribe is a federally recognized tribe of eleven bands of indigenous peoples of California. They primarily live along the Pit River in the northeast corner of California.^[1] Their name also is spelled as 'Pitt River' in some historical records.

Bands[edit]

Istet Woiche, tribal historian of the Madesi tribe, one of the bands of the Pit River Tribe

The eleven bands are as follows:

Achomawi (Achumawi, Ajumawi)
Astariwawi (Astarawi)
Atsuge (Atsugewi)
Hanhawi (Hammawi)
Hewisedawi^[3]
Kosalextawi (Kosalektawi)
Madhesi^[1]^[4]

Languages[edit]

The eleven bands of the Pit River Tribe originally spoke two related languages. Nine speak Achumawi and two speak Atsugewi (Atsuge and Apwaruke). They are closely related and are classified as the Palaihnihan family of languages, with uncertain external relations.^[1]

Most members of the tribe now speak English. Achumawi is critically endangered, and Atsugewi is extinct.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Population centers[edit]

The tribe is spread across several locations in Shasta County and Modoc County:

Big Bend Rancheria, Shasta County, 40 acres, population: 10
Likely Rancheria, Modoc County, 1.32 acres, tribal cemetery
Lookout Rancheria, Modoc County, 40 acres, population: 10
Montgomery Creek Rancheria, Shasta County, 72 acres, population: 15
Roaring Creek Rancheria, Shasta County, 80 acres, population: 14
XL Ranch, Modoc County, 9,254.86 acres, population: 40.^[1]^[8]

The tribe also owns trust lands in Lake County, California, Lassen, Mendocino, Modoc, and Shasta Counties.^[9]

Government[edit]

The tribe conducts business from Burney, California.^[1] They were officially recognized as a tribe in 1976 and ratified their constitution in 1987. Each of the eleven bands is represented in the tribal council.^[8]

Constitution of the Pit River Tribe and claims[edit]

In August 1964, a Constitution was formally adopted by the Pit River Tribe. The Preamble states:

'... for the purpose of securing our Rights and Powers inherent in our Sovereign status as reinforced by the laws of the United States, developing and protecting Pit River (Ajumawi - Atsugewi) ancestral lands and all other resources, preserving peace and order in our community, promoting the general welfare of our people and our descendants, protecting the rights of the Tribe and of our members, and preserving our land base, culture and identity, ...'^[10]

While the Pit River group originally filed a separate land claims, after the Indian Claims Commission was created in 1946, the Pit River tribe was encouraged in 1963 to participate in the larger claims—Indians of California vs U. S. – but ultimately there was disharmony within the tribe and they rejected their monetary award.^[11]

History[edit]

Map of the Pit River course and watershed in northeastern California. The Pit is a tributary of the Sacramento River

Overview of Some Prehistoric and Historic Events and Periods:

Approximately 200 AD: New technology, the bow and arrow, is introduced into the Pit River area.

Pre-1800 - Pit River bands of indigenous natives were living in abundance for thousands of years. For thousands of years, numerous indigenous villages were situated around and along Achoma (the Pit River) and out onto the surrounding plains, hills, mountains, and valleys. The people utilized the natural resources of their land to the fullest. In addition to harvesting deer, salmon, trout, rabbit, birds, and other small mammals, they often moved around their territory and gathered acorns, roots, herbs, and fruits, as each came into their season.

Before the European-American immigration, the Native Americans of the Pit River region were thriving. The eleven bands in the region had similarities and differences in their language and ways. Some downriver bands lived in simple pit houses in small familial villages along Achoma (aka, the Pit River). They led a somewhat nomadic life, following opportunities to harvest foods from the rich resources of this valley, and ready to move to higher ground when the creeks and rivers flooded in the rainy season. Archaeological evidence and some information collected by ethnographers in the early 1900s gives only minimal details of the thriving culture and communities that existed in the vast Pit River territory.

Pit River artists and craftspeople apparently used both basalt and much obsidian from Glass Mountain to make tools and weapons. Obsidian arrowheads and obsidian flakes from tool-making have been found all over the valley from the river banks to the hillsides and high in mountain hunting camp areas.

1827-1830s - European-American/Canadian fur trappers and explorers began passing through the Pit River area

1830s - Many Pit River natives died from imported disease epidemics.

1848 - California became part of U.S.A. through Treaty of Hidalgo with Mexico (in 1850 California became a state).

1849- Gold Rush begins, bringing a new huge wave of migrants into California, many of whom were ruthless abusers and murderers of Indian people.

1851-53 - U.S. Congress and California Legislature created various laws that denied Indians land rights and effectively extinguished all aboriginal title in the state, paving the way for continued conflict, with no treaties or protections for the Pit River Indians.

1850s and 1860s: The movement of white emigrants into Pit River territory caused more and more Pit River displacement and changes to the environment. The emigrants often had no respect for the delicate balance of nature, grazing their cattle and horses in prime hunting and gathering areas. A steady flow of emigrants arrived determined to occupy Pit River land and began the process of confiscating and fencing off the land.

1850s - European-American immigrant expansion interest and activity in Pit River region began. USA government, military forces, and settlers invaded, attacked, displaced, and killed the majority of Pit River Indians, with no treaties or compensation made for land seized.

Regionally (intensifying in the mid 1850s), the European invaders ruthlessly and tragically destroyed most of the Pit River natives, and their way of life. The Pit Rivers (and virtually all California indigenous bands) were repeatedly abused, killed, and brutally massacred, as the invaders raided village after village in countless incidents, including some more well-known battles, such as the 'Wintoon War' and the 'Pit River War'...

Here is one account of some of those ruthless attacks: 'War was declared on the Indians in 1858. General William Kibbe and Captain I. G. Messec led military and civilian soldiers against the Indians from Trinity County all the way to the Fall River Valley. These soldiers were known as Kibbe's Guards and were ruthless, efficient Indian killers.' Many Indians surrendered under the threat of death or starvation, others were captured, untold numbers were killed, and their villages and food supplies were destroyed in the battles.

In 1859, 700 captured Pit River Indians were forcibly taken to the Round Valley Reservation in Mendocino County for internment. The number of soldiers reported killed in the attacks varies; one account mentions 25, while another mentions 90. The main war ended in 1859. Although the vast majority of Pit River Indians had been killed or forcibly moved out of the area, some remained, hidden away, and over 500 of those who were sent away eventually returned to their homeland, only to find white settlers taking over more and more property.

By 1868, the US Army under General George Crook took control of many upriver Achoma areas. Many stories of brutal massacres and senseless racist killings of Pit River people have been handed down through the oral tradition. The Pit River area was also impacted by economic factors. Government timber land went on sale in 1878, and allowed the purchase of up to 160 acres at $2.50 an acre. Outlying areas were victim to a speculative boom as a result, and large tracts of land passed into private hands. The area was subsequently heavily logged. The over-harvesting of timber in Big Bend region remains an ecological problem today. Most of the once vast and diverse forests in the area have been destroyed by clear-cutting and other industrial logging practices and replaced by tree farms.

The arrival of European-American settlers and the occupation of the Pit River territories disrupted the safety of the Pit River people and their traditional food supply. The Pit River people never signed a treaty with the United States or the State of California; their land was simply illegally confiscated. Many 'Pit Rivers' were displaced against their will, and some were murdered for their land. Some returned or resettled nearby when they could, but countless people were cut off from their extended families and their traditional food sources. Into the 1900s, many Pit River people survived in poverty and some were hired out as ranch hands, mill workers, forestry workers, and other forms of manual labor.

Today, the Pit River people continue to live in what is now called Shasta County, as well as throughout the West. Some continue to hunt and gather in their traditional places, and pray at their sacred sites throughout their homeland. They are a federally recognized tribe (headquarters located in Burney, CA) with a tribal council that includes representation of each of the eleven bands making up the Pit River Nation. The tribe operates several 'Rancheria' and allotment 'satellite' reservations, a casino, a gas station and convenience store, and a large commercial cannabis growing facility which was raided by US and California drug agents in July 2015.

Ethnobotany[edit]

Pit River Tribal Office

They would use amelanchier to create a sort of body armor, the wood was made into a heavy robe or overcoat and corset armor and used for fighting.^[12] Members of the Pit River tribe would also sell taxus brevifolia to the Ukiah.^[13]

The bulbs dug from meadows and acorns from oaks were an important source of food. A ground up form of these plants were stored for winter use.

A full list of Atsugewi plants can be found at http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/19/ (68 documented uses).

Pit River Casino Burney

Notable members[edit]

Jean LaMarr, artist^[14]
Darryl Babe Wilson, writer and storyteller^[15]

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